Malcom Moffat College of Education

Items

• Youth dietary intake and weight status: Healthful neighborhood food environments enhance the protective role of supportive family home environments
  Accepted Manuscript
• Comparing Modes of Operation for Residential Ceiling Fans to Achieve Thermal Destratification
  Author's Original
• Modeling an Existing Building in DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus: Custom vs. Default Inputs,”
  Version of Record
• Identifying Non-Technical Barriers to Energy Model Sharing and Reuse
• Post-Occupancy Evaluation and Partial-Calibration of 18 Design-Phase Energy Models
• Integrated Workflow and a New Tool for Urban Rainwater Management
  Accepted Manuscript
• Parametric Energy Simulation of High-Rise Multi-Family Housing
  Accepted Manuscript
• Learning by playing – teaching energy simulation as a game
  Accepted Manuscript
• Non-technical barriers to energy model sharing and reuse
  Accepted Manuscript
• Analysis of a simplified calibration procedure for 18 design-phase building energy models
  Accepted Manuscript
• Integrated Design Workflow and a New Tool for Urban Rainwater Management
  Accepted Manuscript
• Parametric Energy Simulation in Early Design: High-Rise Residential Buildings in Urban Contexts
  Accepted Manuscript
• Cycling, the Built Environment, and Health: Results of a Midwestern Study
  Accepted Manuscript
• Alternative forms of the high-technology district: corridors, clumps, cores, campuses, subdivisions, and sites
  Accepted Manuscript
• Global suburbia and the transition century: Physical suburbs in the long term
  Accepted Manuscript
• Paradigm shift: curatorial views on collecting and archiving architectural drawings in an evolving born-digital landscape
  Accepted Manuscript
• Buenos Aires: La Ciudad Frente al Río
  Accepted Manuscript
• Jaqueline Tyrwhitt’s Correspondence Courses: Town Planning in the Trenches
  Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (1905-1983) was the Director of Studies at the School of Planning and Research for Regional Development during the 1940s in Britain, where she founded the town planning Correspondence Courses for architects and others serving with the Allied Forces. With a significant enrollment, the Correspondence Courses were not a single course, but three independent and sequential courses made up of ten to twelve lectures each, with required readings and practical exercises for each lecture. They promoted collaboration among different disciplines and had a clear orientation towards practice. When the war ended a series of intensive post-war completion courses for returning ex-service men were organized, which enabled about ten percent of those enrolled in the Correspondence Courses to qualify in three months as associate members of the Town Planning Institute and enter actively into the profession. Certainly the breadth and depth of the Correspondence Courses cannot be ignored; neither can the conceptual framework within which they were conceived be overlooked. First, they were founded in the belief that it was necessary to impart knowledge of planning to potential collaborators. Second, they were grounded in the conviction that for a much needed rapid training of young field officers there was value in a course in which the theoretical and the practical were closely related. This paper focuses on the Correspondence Courses: it outlines the particular circumstances in which these courses emerged, analyzes their component parts and conceptual structure, and traces their influence in Tyrwhitt’s Harvard period when collaborating in setting up the urban design courses and program at the Graduate School of Design. In terms of the design approach, the “physical shaping of cities” as understood in the 1950s at Harvard was, in the end, not far conceptually from “shaping the environment” as understood in the Correspondence Courses that Jaqueline Tyrwhitt initiated in the 1940s.
• Designing Biologically-inspired Smart Building Systems: Processes and Guidelines
  Version of Record
• Intra-urban vulnerability to heat-related mortality in New York City, 1997–2006
  Version of Record
• Moving Beyond ‘Community’ Participation: Perceptions of Renting and the Dynamics of Participation Around Urban Development in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  This paper employs extensive interviews to examine the ways in which perceptions of renting — on the part of renters, owners and other key actors in the development process — influenced the dynamics of participation around two recent urban development projects in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study responds to concerns that participatory planning too frequently treats communities as homogenous and overlooks barriers to participation faced by marginalized groups, such as renters. The results show that renters were unwilling and often unable to participate due to perceptions, held by themselves and by others, of renter transience and inconsequentiality. These perceptions led to a cycle of non-participation in which policymakers gave renters' needs little attention in plans and renters were disinclined to participate in mobilization. The results suggest that barriers to renter participation could be reduced if their concerns were proactively given more weight in urban development plans.
• Effect of Street Connectivity and Density on Adult BMI: Results from the Twin Cities Walking Study
  Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the US population has risen dramatically in recent years. To try to explain this, some studies have examined the association between the built environment and obesity (measured using the body mass index (BMI)). Most of these studies have not sought to identify causal effects, but rather correlations. Methods Data from the Twin Cities Walking Study were used to examine the effect of population density and block size on BMI. Although the Twin Cities Walking Study is a cross-sectional observational study, the matched-sampling design is novel in that it maximises environmental variance while minimising person variance to enhance exchangeability of subjects and more closely mimic an experimental study. Results Contrary to expectations, the hypothesised most walkable neighbourhood (high density, small block stratum) had the greatest mean and median BMI. After adjusting for demographic covariates, physical activity and clustering due to neighbourhood, no conclusive effect of population density by block size on BMI was found (β=−1.024, 95% CI −2.408 to 0.359). Conclusion There is no evidence of an effect of population density by block size on BMI.
• Modeling the Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of PCDD/F to the Great Lakes
  Atmospheric deposition is a significant loading pathway for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxin) to the Great Lakes. An innovative approach using NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric fate and transport model was developed to estimate the 1996 dioxin contribution to each lake from each of 5700 point sources and 42 600 area sources in a U.S./Canadian air emissions inventory. These unusually detailed source-receptor modeling results show that deposition to each lake arises from a broad geographical region, with significant contributions from up to 2000 km away. The source categories contributing most significantly to 1996 dioxin deposition appear to be municipal waste incineration, iron sintering, medical waste incineration, and cement kilns burning hazardous waste. Model-predicted air concentrations and deposition fluxes were consistent with ambient measurement data, within the uncertainties in each, but there may be a moderate tendency toward underestimation using midrange emissions estimates. The most likely reason for this tendency appears to be missing or underestimated emissions sources, but in-situ atmospheric formation of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) may have also contributed. Despite uncertainties, the findings regarding the relative importance of different sources types and source regions appear to be relatively robust and may be useful in prioritizing pollution prevention efforts.
• Health Impacts from Climate-Change Induced Changes in Ozone Levels in 85 United States Cities
  Introduction: Global warming could impact human health through multiple pathways, including the shifting of ecosystems and associated vector-borne diseases, changes to water resources, and heat-related mortality. As the chemical reactions that form tropospheric ozone are temperature dependent, global warming could raise ambient ozone levels. This could subsequently result in an increase in ozone-associated health effects. Methods: Global warming’s potential effects on ambient ozone concentrations were modeled for 85 cities in the Eastern U.S. for five summers representing current climatic conditions (1993–1997) and five summers representing possible future climatic conditions (2053–2057) using the IPCC A-2 climate scenario and current emissions levels. A linked climate/air quality modeling system developed by the New York Climate and Health Project was used to derive ozone concentrations under climate change. The modeling system included the GISS global climate model (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), MM5 meteorological model (Penn State/United Corporation for Atmospheric Research), CMAQ air quality model (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), and SMOKE emissions processor (MCNC Supercomputing Center). The difference in ozone levels predicted by the model was combined with concentration-response functions from epidemiological studies and current mortality data to estimate the changes in mortality associated with the changes in ozone concentrations. Results: Preliminary results indicate that the climate change scenario would produce higher ambient ozone levels, with an average increase of 2.8 ppb in the daily average ozone (range −0.1 to 6.4 ppb). The daily 1-hour and 8-hour maximums increased for all 85 cities, with an average increase of 4.6 and 4.2 ppb, respectively. Results were not spatially uniform with some cities experiencing larger increases than others. Louisville, Kentucky had the largest elevation in ozone levels with an increase of 9.6 ppb in the daily 1-hour maximum. Exceedances of regulatory standards would also increase under the climate change scenario. For instance, Cincinnati, Ohio is estimated to experience 12 more days exceeding the 8-hour standard under the future climatic conditions. The corresponding health effects will be estimated. For example, elevated ozone concentrations from global warming in the 2050’s is estimated to produce a 0.25% increase (95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.36%) in daily mortality, averaged across the cities, with Louisville experiencing a 0.52% increase (0.30, 0.75%) (based on meta-analysis by Thurston and Ito, 2001). Discussion: This research demonstrates global warming’s potential impact on health through the pathway of elevated ambient ozone levels. This provides evidence for decision.
• Environmental Planning and Urban Health
  Version of Record